10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Nevertheless, most of the previous studies have applied only penile length measurements in newborns or prepubertal boys 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 there is no study evaluating both penile and testicular size measurements in Chinese boys covering all stages of childhood and puberty. 7, 8, 9 Normal growth curves and tables for the male penis have been reported for several different countries. Previous studies have confirmed the existence of ethnic differences regarding the size of the penis and testes. GAMLSS-based growth curves could provide an appropriate assessment tool for smaller penises and testes and allow for the appropriate comparisons among different groups of children or adolescents. 6 However, it has not been used to develop growth curves for assessing male external genitalia. 2 GAMLSS is also widely used to develop various growth references for such characteristics as lung function, 3 birth weight, 4 grip strength, 5 and blood pressure. It has been used by the Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) of World Health Organization (WHO) group in constructing growth reference curves for school-age children and adolescents. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) provides a growth curve that allows the user to design distribution parameters as a function of an explanatory variable ( e.g., age). Age-specific curves and charts are a simple and rapid approach for early evaluation and diagnosis for abnormal genital size. For this reason, an early diagnosis of abnormal size in penile or testicular is important for both medical and psychological therapy. 1 Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development: abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, primary hypogonadism, androgen insensitivity, and genetic syndromes, including Klinefelter, Kallmann, Prader–Willi, and Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndromes. Consultations with patients and their parents regarding the size of the penis and testes are very common in pediatric, urologic, endocrinologic, and surgical clinics. In males, external genitalia serve important physiologic functions, especially for fertility. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0–17 years in Chongqing, China. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |